Random question from reading History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides

It took me several tries - several starts and stops - to get through "History of the Peloponnesian War" by Thucydides, but eventually I did and it was well worth it.  I really wanted to read the original source material before reading a more modern account.  That's not to decry the modern account which takes into account more sources etc. - I read "The Peloponnesian War" by Donald Kagan and enjoyed it a lot.  I've filled in some answers below using the modern infowebs / wikipedia.


How did the Athenians dominate?  Was it an economic domination by having their navy enforce a trade monopoly?

How did ancient Greek religion work?  There seems to be many different Zeus's

During the run up to the outbreak of war, the Spartans demanded that some offense committed by the Athenians against the Dread Goddess be appeased.  Who is the Dread Goddess?  Is it Circe, called the Dread Goddess elsewhere (Odyssey?)

Book 2, 68:  native tribes are mentioned. Who are these people?

How did Greek colonization work, especially when it was to a city that had just been defeated?  Is it a transfer of ownership of slaves, etc?  How big were these cities [population]?

p.202  Athenian knights and Pentacosiomedimni? who are these?
Definition of Pentacosiomedimni:  https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pentacosiomedimni.  They were the highest class of citizen, which appears to be based on wealth, and this was all instituted under the Solonian constitution.

p.569  What are the "clubs" in Athens that provide "mutual support" in lawsuit and elections

What is a spartan officer, or a regular spartan officer?